diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index b3adeb4..f8ca7bd 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -40,11 +40,12 @@ WARNINGS_OFF=-Wno-missing-braces -Wno-gnu-anonymous-struct -Wno-old-style-cast\
 CFLAGS=$(D) $(O) -std=c++11 $(WARNINGS_ON) $(WARNINGS_OFF) -I$(INCLUDE_DIR)
 LIBS=-lSDL2
 
-_HEADERS = camera.h color.h engine.h geometry.h light.h loader.h platform.h point.h\
-		   transform.h util.h vec.h
+_HEADERS = camera.h color.h engine.h geometry.h light.h loader.h matrix.h\
+		   platform.h point.h transform.h util.h vec.h
 HEADERS = $(patsubst %,$(INCLUDE_DIR)/%,$(_HEADERS))
 
-_OBJS = engine.o geometry.o light.o loader.o main.o platform.o transform.o
+_OBJS = color.o engine.o geometry.o light.o loader.o main.o platform.o transform.o\
+		vec.o
 OBJS = $(patsubst %,$(BUILD_DIR)/%,$(_OBJS))
 
 $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.cpp $(HEADERS)
diff --git a/include/color.h b/include/color.h
index 70cf388..88b31c9 100644
--- a/include/color.h
+++ b/include/color.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 
+// STRUCTURES
 struct ColorU32
 {
     union
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ struct ColorF32
 
 // OPERATORS
 // c1 + c2
-inline ColorF32 operator+(ColorF32 c1, ColorF32 c2)
+inline ColorF32 operator+(ColorF32 const &c1, ColorF32 const &c2)
 {
     ColorF32 result;
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ inline ColorF32 operator+(ColorF32 c1, ColorF32 c2)
 }
 
 // c1 += c2
-inline ColorF32 &operator+=(ColorF32 &c1, ColorF32 c2)
+inline ColorF32 &operator+=(ColorF32 &c1, ColorF32 const &c2)
 {
     c1 = c1 + c2;
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ inline ColorF32 &operator+=(ColorF32 &c1, ColorF32 c2)
 }
 
 // c * f
-inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 c, float f)
+inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 const &c, float f)
 {
     ColorF32 result;
 
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 c, float f)
 }
 
 // f * c
-inline ColorF32 operator*(float f, ColorF32 c)
+inline ColorF32 operator*(float f, ColorF32 const &c)
 {
     ColorF32 result;
 
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ inline ColorF32 operator*(float f, ColorF32 c)
 }
 
 // c1 * c2
-inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 c1, ColorF32 c2)
+inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 const &c1, ColorF32 const &c2)
 {
     ColorF32 result;
 
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ inline ColorF32 operator*(ColorF32 c1, ColorF32 c2)
 }
 
 // c / f
-inline ColorF32 operator/(ColorF32 c, float f)
+inline ColorF32 operator/(ColorF32 const &c, float f)
 {
     ColorF32 result;
 
@@ -105,22 +106,8 @@ inline ColorF32 &operator/=(ColorF32 &c, float f)
 }
 
 
-inline void ScaleColor(ColorF32 &c)
-{
-    float blue = MAX(c.b, 0.0f);
-    float green = MAX(c.g, 0.0f);
-    float red = MAX(c.r, 0.0f);
-    float alpha = MAX(c.a, 0.0f);
-    float max = MAX(MAX(MAX(blue,green),red),1.0f);
-
-    ColorF32 scaled = {blue, green, red, alpha};
-    scaled /= max;
-
-    c.b = scaled.b;
-    c.g = scaled.g;
-    c.r = scaled.r;
-    c.a = scaled.a;
-}
+// PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+void ScaleColor(ColorF32 &c);
 
 
 #define COLOR_H
diff --git a/include/matrix.h b/include/matrix.h
index 8d12db7..592fa9d 100644
--- a/include/matrix.h
+++ b/include/matrix.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ struct Matrix
 
 // OPERATORS
 // m1 * m2
-inline Matrix operator*(Matrix m1, Matrix m2)
+inline Matrix operator*(Matrix const &m1, Matrix const &m2)
 {
     Matrix result;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ inline Matrix operator*(Matrix m1, Matrix m2)
 }
 
 // v * m
-inline Point operator*(Point v, Matrix m)
+inline Point operator*(Point const &v, Matrix const &m)
 {
     Point result;
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ inline Point operator*(Point v, Matrix m)
 }
 
 // v *=m
-inline Point &operator*=(Point &v, Matrix m)
+inline Point &operator*=(Point &v, Matrix const &m)
 {
     v = v * m;
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ inline Point &operator*=(Point &v, Matrix m)
 }
 
 // v * m
-inline Vector operator*(Vector v, Matrix m)
+inline Vector operator*(Vector const &v, Matrix const &m)
 {
     Vector result;
 
diff --git a/include/point.h b/include/point.h
index 2f4725e..abf579f 100644
--- a/include/point.h
+++ b/include/point.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ struct Point
 
 // OPERATORS
 // p / f
-inline Point operator/(Point p, float f)
+inline Point operator/(Point const &p, float f)
 {
     Point result;
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ inline Point &operator/=(Point &p, float f)
 }
 
 // p1 - p2
-inline Vector operator-(Point p1, Point p2)
+inline Vector operator-(Point const &p1, Point const &p2)
 {
     Vector result;
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ inline Vector operator-(Point p1, Point p2)
 }
 
 // -p
-inline Point operator-(Point p)
+inline Point operator-(Point const &p)
 {
     Point result;
 
diff --git a/include/vec.h b/include/vec.h
index bd56eda..6213cdd 100644
--- a/include/vec.h
+++ b/include/vec.h
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #ifndef VEC_H
 
-#include "util.h"
-#include <cmath>
-
 
 // STRUCTURE
 struct Vector
@@ -10,60 +7,6 @@ struct Vector
     inline Vector(void) : x(0), y(0), z(0), w(0) {}
     inline Vector(float x, float y, float z) : x(x), y(y), z(z), w(0) {}
 
-    inline void Normalize(void)
-    {
-        float length = Length();
-
-        // zero length
-        if (length == 0.0f)
-        {
-            x = 0.0f;
-            y = 0.0f;
-            z = 0.0f;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            float lengthInv = 1.0f / length;
-
-            x *= lengthInv;
-            y *= lengthInv;
-            z *= lengthInv;
-        }
-    }
-
-    inline float Length(void)
-    {
-        float result = sqrtf(x*x + y*y + z*z);
-
-        // zero length
-        if (result < EPSILON_E3)
-        {
-            result = 0.0f;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    inline static float Dot(Vector v1, Vector v2)
-    {
-        float result;
-
-        result = (v1.x * v2.x) + (v1.y * v2.y) + (v1.z * v2.z);
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    inline static Vector Cross(Vector v1, Vector v2)
-    {
-        Vector result;
-
-        result.x = (v1.y * v2.z) - (v1.z * v2.y);
-        result.y = (v1.z * v2.x) - (v1.x * v2.z);
-        result.z = (v1.x * v2.y) - (v1.y * v2.x);
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
     union
     {
         float e[4];
@@ -78,7 +21,7 @@ struct Vector
 
 // OPERATORS
 // -v
-inline Vector operator-(Vector v)
+inline Vector operator-(Vector const &v)
 {
     Vector result;
 
@@ -90,7 +33,7 @@ inline Vector operator-(Vector v)
 }
 
 // v1 + v2
-inline Vector operator+(Vector v1, Vector v2)
+inline Vector operator+(Vector const &v1, Vector const &v2)
 {
     Vector result;
 
@@ -102,7 +45,7 @@ inline Vector operator+(Vector v1, Vector v2)
 }
 
 // v1 += v2
-inline Vector &operator+=(Vector &v1, Vector v2)
+inline Vector &operator+=(Vector &v1, Vector const &v2)
 {
     v1 = v1 + v2;
 
@@ -110,7 +53,7 @@ inline Vector &operator+=(Vector &v1, Vector v2)
 }
 
 // f * v
-inline Vector operator*(float f, Vector &v)
+inline Vector operator*(float f, Vector const &v)
 {
     Vector result;
 
@@ -122,7 +65,7 @@ inline Vector operator*(float f, Vector &v)
 }
 
 // v / f
-inline Vector operator/(Vector v, float f)
+inline Vector operator/(Vector const &v, float f)
 {
     Vector result;
 
@@ -144,6 +87,13 @@ inline Vector &operator/=(Vector &v, float f)
 }
 
 
+// PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+void VectorNormalize(Vector &v);
+float VectorLength(Vector &v);
+float VectorDot(Vector &v1, Vector &v2);
+Vector VectorCross(Vector &v1, Vector &v2);
+
+
 #define VEC_H
 #endif
 
diff --git a/src/color.cpp b/src/color.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a87fdea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/color.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "color.h"
+
+
+void ScaleColor(ColorF32 &c)
+{
+    float blue = MAX(c.b, 0.0f);
+    float green = MAX(c.g, 0.0f);
+    float red = MAX(c.r, 0.0f);
+    float alpha = MAX(c.a, 0.0f);
+    float max = MAX(MAX(MAX(blue,green),red),1.0f);
+
+    ColorF32 scaled = {blue, green, red, alpha};
+    scaled /= max;
+
+    c.b = scaled.b;
+    c.g = scaled.g;
+    c.r = scaled.r;
+    c.a = scaled.a;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/engine.cpp b/src/engine.cpp
index cb19ae6..090fc4b 100644
--- a/src/engine.cpp
+++ b/src/engine.cpp
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ int Engine_Init(char *objFilename, char *mtlFilename)
 
 
     // Mesh configuration
-    mesh.position.z = 125;
-    mesh.position.y = -125;
+    mesh.position.z = 50;
+    mesh.position.y = -75;
     mesh.scale = 1.0f;
 
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ static void ComputeNormals(void)
         Vector v01 = p1 - p0;
         Vector v02 = p2 - p0;
 
-        Vector normal = Vector::Cross(v01, v02);
+        Vector normal = VectorCross(v01, v02);
 
         // Add each vertex's normal to the sum for future averaging
         localVerts.data[v0].normal += normal;
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ static void ComputeNormals(void)
         {
             // Compute the average normal for this vertex
             localVerts.data[v].normal /= vertexNormalCount[v];
-            localVerts.data[v].normal.Normalize();
+            VectorNormalize(localVerts.data[v].normal);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/geometry.cpp b/src/geometry.cpp
index 5bcc193..d8ad1a1 100644
--- a/src/geometry.cpp
+++ b/src/geometry.cpp
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ void ClipAndCull(
         // Calculate the face's normal (inverted for Blender-compatibility)
         Vector v01 = p1 - p0;
         Vector v02 = p2 - p0;
-        Vector normal = -Vector::Cross(v01, v02);
+        Vector normal = -VectorCross(v01, v02);
 
         // Eye vector to viewport
         Vector view = camPosition - p0;
 
-        float dot = Vector::Dot(normal, view);
+        float dot = VectorDot(normal, view);
 
 
         // Not a backface; add it to the list
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ void RenderMesh(
         // Constants for this triangle used for barycentric calculations
         Vector v01 = p1 - p0;
         Vector v02 = p2 - p0;
-        float dot0101 = Vector::Dot(v01, v01);
-        float dot0102 = Vector::Dot(v01, v02);
-        float dot0202 = Vector::Dot(v02, v02);
+        float dot0101 = VectorDot(v01, v01);
+        float dot0102 = VectorDot(v01, v02);
+        float dot0202 = VectorDot(v02, v02);
 
 
         // Iterate over the bounding box and determine if each point is in the triangle
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ void RenderMesh(
                 // Calculate the barycentric coordinate of this point
                 Point p(x, y, 1.0f);
                 Vector v0P = p - p0;
-                float dot0P01 = Vector::Dot(v0P, v01);
-                float dot0P02 = Vector::Dot(v0P, v02);
+                float dot0P01 = VectorDot(v0P, v01);
+                float dot0P02 = VectorDot(v0P, v02);
                 float denomInv = 1.0f / ((dot0101 * dot0202) - (dot0102 * dot0102));
                 float barycenter[3];
                 barycenter[1] = (dot0202 * dot0P01 - dot0102 * dot0P02) * denomInv;
diff --git a/src/light.cpp b/src/light.cpp
index a19ee1f..afb7fe4 100644
--- a/src/light.cpp
+++ b/src/light.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ static ColorF32 ComputeDiffuseLight(
 ColorF32 ComputeLight(Vertex &vert, Material &material, Light &light)
 {
     // Distance from light to vertex
-    Vector d = light.position - vert.point;
-    float distance = d.Length();
+    Vector direction = light.position - vert.point;
+    float distance = VectorLength(direction);
 
 
     // Intensity is a function of the falloff factors and the distance
@@ -66,13 +66,12 @@ static ColorF32 ComputeDiffuseLight(
 {
     // Light is a function of the position of the light source and the surface
     Vector direction = lightPosition - vertPosition;
-    direction.Normalize();
+    VectorNormalize(direction);
 
-    float dot = Vector::Dot(vertNormal, direction);
+    float dot = VectorDot(vertNormal, direction);
 
     ColorF32 result = surfaceReflectivity * lightIntensity * dot;
 
-
     return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/vec.cpp b/src/vec.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..866e109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vec.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include "vec.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include <cmath>
+
+
+void VectorNormalize(Vector &v)
+{
+    float length = VectorLength(v);
+
+    // zero length
+    if (length == 0.0f)
+    {
+        v.x = 0.0f;
+        v.y = 0.0f;
+        v.z = 0.0f;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        float lengthInv = 1.0f / length;
+
+        v.x *= lengthInv;
+        v.y *= lengthInv;
+        v.z *= lengthInv;
+    }
+}
+
+float VectorLength(Vector &v)
+{
+    float result = sqrtf(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z);
+
+    // zero length
+    if (result < EPSILON_E3)
+    {
+        result = 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+float VectorDot(Vector &v1, Vector &v2)
+{
+    float result;
+
+    result = (v1.x * v2.x) + (v1.y * v2.y) + (v1.z * v2.z);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+Vector VectorCross(Vector &v1, Vector &v2)
+{
+    Vector result;
+
+    result.x = (v1.y * v2.z) - (v1.z * v2.y);
+    result.y = (v1.z * v2.x) - (v1.x * v2.z);
+    result.z = (v1.x * v2.y) - (v1.y * v2.x);
+
+    return result;
+}